Ulwazi Nomsebenzi Wesistimu Yokulawula Ibhethri BMS, Isingeniso

Igama eligcwele le-BMS i-Battery Management System.Kuyidivayisi eqapha isimo samabhethri okugcina amandla.Isetshenziselwa kakhulu ukuphatha nokunakekela okuhlakaniphile kwamaseli ebhethri ngamanye, ukuvimbela ukushajwa ngokweqile nokuchithwa ngokweqile kwamabhethri, ukwelula impilo yebhethri, nokuqapha isimo sebhethri.Ngokuvamile, i-BMS imelelwa njengebhodi lesifunda noma ibhokisi lehadiwe.

 

I-BMS ingenye yezinhlelo ezingaphansi eziyinhloko zesistimu yokugcina amandla ebhethri, enesibopho sokuqapha isimo sokusebenza sebhethri ngalinye kuyunithi yokugcina amandla ebhethri kanye nokuqinisekisa ukusebenza okuphephile nokuthembekile kweyunithi yokugcina amandla.I-BMS ingakwazi ukuqapha futhi iqoqe amapharamitha wesimo sebhethri yokulondoloza amandla ngesikhathi sangempela (okuhlanganisa kodwa okungakhawulelwe ku-voltage yeseli eyodwa, izinga lokushisa lensimbi yebhethri, i-loop yebhethri yamanje, i-voltage yephakethe lebhethri, ukumelana nokufakwa kwesistimu yebhethri, njll.), kanye yenza ukuhlaziya okudingekile nokubala kumapharamitha afanele wesimo ukuze uthole amapharamitha amaningi okuhlola isimo sesistimu.Ingakwazi futhi ukuzuza ukulawula okusebenzayo kwebhethri yokugcina amandla ngokwawo ngokwamaqhinga athile okulawula ukuvikela ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukusebenza okuphephile nokuthembekile kwayo yonke iyunithi yokugcina amandla ebhethri.Ngesikhathi esifanayo, i-BMS ingasebenzisana namanye amathuluzi angaphandle (i-PCS, i-EMS, uhlelo lokuvikela umlilo, njll.) ngokusebenzisa isikhombimsebenzisi sayo sokuxhumana kanye nesixhumi esibonakalayo sokufaka se-analog/digital ukuze yakhe ukulawulwa kokuxhumana kwezinhlelo ezingaphansi ezihlukahlukene kuwo wonke amandla okugcina amandla. isiteshi, ukuqinisekisa ukusebenza okuphephile, okuthembekile, nokusebenza kahle okuxhunywe kugridi yesiteshi sikagesi.

2) Izakhiwo

Ngokombono we-topology architecture, i-BMS ihlukaniswe izigaba ezimbili: ibekwe endaweni eyodwa futhi isatshalaliswe ngokuvumelana nezidingo ezahlukene zephrojekthi.

 

I-BMS ephakathi

Kalula nje, i-BMS emaphakathi isebenzisa ihadiwe ye-BMS eyodwa ukuqoqa wonke amaseli, afanele izimo ezinamaseli ambalwa.

I-BMS emaphakathi inezinzuzo zezindleko eziphansi, ukwakheka okuhlangene, nokuthembeka okuphezulu, futhi ivame ukusetshenziswa ezimeni ezinomthamo ophansi, umfutho ophansi ophelele, kanye nevolumu yesistimu yebhethri encane, njengamathuluzi amandla, amarobhothi (amarobhothi okuphatha, amarobhothi asizayo), Izindlu ezihlakaniphile ze-IOT (amarobhothi ashanelayo, ama-vacuum cleaner kagesi), ama-forklift kagesi, izimoto zikagesi ezinesivinini esiphansi (amabhayisikili kagesi, izithuthuthu zikagesi, izimoto ezibona indawo kagesi, izimoto ezigada ngogesi, izinqola zegalofu zikagesi, njll.), kanye nezimoto ezilula eziyingxubevange.

Ihadiwe ye-BMS ephakathi nendawo ingahlukaniswa ngezindawo ezinevoltheji ephezulu kanye nezamandla aphansi.Indawo ene-high-voltage inesibopho sokuqoqa i-voltage yeseli eyodwa, isamba se-voltage yesistimu, nokuqapha ukumelana nokufakwa.Indawo ene-voltage ephansi ihlanganisa ama-circuits okuphakela amandla, ama-CPU amasekhethi, ama-CAN zokuxhumana ama-circuits, ama-circuits okulawula, njalonjalo.

Njengoba isistimu yebhethri lamandla ezimoto zabagibeli iqhubeka nokuthuthukela kumthamo ophezulu, ukucindezela okuphelele, kanye nevolumu enkulu, izakhiwo ezisabalalisiwe ze-BMS zisetshenziswa kakhulu kumamodeli e-plug-in hybrid kanye namamodeli emoto kagesi ahlanzekile.

I-BMS esabalalisiwe

Njengamanje, kunamagama ahlukahlukene e-BMS esatshalaliswa embonini, futhi izinkampani ezihlukene zinamagama ahlukene.Ibhethri lamandla i-BMS iningi linokwakheka kwezigaba ezimbili zesigqila:

 

I-BMS yokugcina amandla ivamise ukuba yisakhiwo esinezigaba ezintathu ngenxa yosayizi omkhulu wephakethe lebhethri, elinesendlalelo esiyinhloko sokulawula ngaphezu kwezigqila kanye nezendlalelo zokulawula eziyinhloko.

Njengamabhethri akha amaqoqo ebhethri, abuye enze izitaki, i-BMS yezigaba ezintathu nayo ilandela umthetho ofanayo oya phezulu:

Kusukela kusilawuli: iyunithi yokuphatha ibhethri (BMU), eqoqa ulwazi kumabhethri ngamanye.

Gada i-voltage kanye nezinga lokushisa kweseli yebhethri

Ukulinganisa ibhethri kuphakheji

Ukulayisha ulwazi

ukuphathwa okushisayo

I-alamu engavamile

Ukulawula okuyinhloko: Iyunithi yokulawula iqoqo lebhethri: I-BCU (iyunithi yeqoqo lebhethri, eyaziwa nangokuthi iyunithi yokulawula amandla kagesi aphezulu i-HVU, i-BCMU, njll.), enomthwalo wemfanelo wokuqoqa ulwazi lwe-BMU nokuqoqa ulwazi lweqoqo lamabhethri.

Ukutholwa kwamanje kweqoqo lebhethri, ukutholwa kwengqikithi yamandla kagesi, ukutholwa kokuvuza

Ukuvikela ukucisha lapho isimo sebhethri singajwayelekile

Ngaphansi kokuphathwa kwe-BMS, ukulinganisa umthamo kanye nokulinganisa kwe-SOC kungaqedwa ngokuhlukana njengesisekelo sokuphathwa kokushaja nokukhipha

Iyunithi yokuphatha amabhethri afanayo (i-BAU) inesibopho sokuphatha okumaphakathi kwamabhethri kuso sonke isitaki sebhethri sokulondoloza amandla.Ixhuma kumayunithi ahlukahlukene okuphatha iqoqo lamabhethri futhi ishintshisane ngolwazi namanye amadivaysi ukuze inikeze impendulo ngesimo sokusebenza sebhethri.

Ukushaja nokukhipha ukuphathwa kwebhethri

Uhlelo lwe-BMS lokuzihlola kanye ne-alamu yokuxilongwa kwamaphutha

I-alamu yokuxilongwa kwephutha lephakethe lebhethri

Ukuvikela ukuphepha kokungajwayelekile okuhlukahlukene kanye namaphutha kuhlu lwamabhethri

Xhumana namanye amadivaysi afana ne-PCS ne-EMS

Ukugcinwa kwedatha, ukudluliswa nokucubungula

Isendlalelo sokuphatha ibhethri: sinesibopho sokuqoqa ulwazi oluhlukahlukene (i-voltage, izinga lokushisa) lamabhethri ngamanye, ukubala nokuhlaziya i-SOC ne-SOH yamabhethri, ukuzuza ukulingana okusebenzayo kwamabhethri ngamanye, nokulayisha ulwazi olungavamile lwamabhethri ngamanye kungqimba lweyunithi yebhethri yephakethe ye-BCMU.Ngokuxhumana kwangaphandle kwe-CAN, ixhunywe ngeketango le-daisy.

Isendlalelo sokuphathwa kwebhethri: sinesibopho sokuqoqa imininingwane ehlukahlukene kumabhethri ngamanye alayishwe yi-BMU, ukuqoqa imininingwane ehlukahlukene mayelana nephakethe lebhethri (iphakethe lamandla, izinga lokushisa lephakethe), ukushaja kwephakethe lebhethri nokukhipha imisinga, ukubala nokuhlaziya i-SOC ne-SOH yephakethe lebhethri. , kanye nokulayisha lonke ulwazi ku-BAMS yeqoqo leyunithi yebhethri.Ngokuxhumana kwangaphandle kwe-CAN, ixhunywe ngeketango le-daisy.

Isendlalelo sokuphathwa kweqoqo lebhethri: sinesibopho sokuqoqa imininingwane ehlukahlukene yebhethri elayishwe yi-BCMU futhi ilayishe lonke ulwazi ohlelweni lwe-EMS lokuqapha ukugcinwa kwamandla ngokusebenzisa isixhumi esibonakalayo se-RJ45;ukuxhumana ne-PCS ukuthumela ulwazi olubalulekile olungalungile lwebhethri ku-PCS (i-CAN noma i-RS485 interface), futhi ifakwe ama-hardware dry node ukuxhumana ne-PCS.Ngaphezu kwalokho, yenza ukuhlolwa kwesistimu yebhethri ye-BSE (Battery State Estimate), ukutholwa kwesimo sesistimu kagesi, ukuphathwa kwe-contactor, ukuphathwa kwe-thermal, ukuphathwa kokusebenza, ukuphathwa kokushaja, ukuphathwa kokuxilonga, futhi yenza ukuphathwa kwenethiwekhi yokuxhumana yangaphakathi nangaphandle.Ixhumana nabangaphansi nge-CAN.

3) Yenzani i-BMS?

Imisebenzi ye-BMS miningi, kodwa umongo nesikhathazeke ngakho kakhulu yizici ezintathu:

Enye inzwa (ukuphathwa kombuso), okuwumsebenzi oyisisekelo we-BMS.Ikala i-voltage, ukumelana, izinga lokushisa, futhi ekugcineni izwa isimo sebhethri.Sifuna ukwazi ukuthi siyini isimo sebhethri, ukuthi inamandla angakanani namandla enawo, ukuthi inempilo kangakanani, ikhiqiza amandla angakanani, nokuthi iphephe kangakanani.Lokhu kuyazwela.

Okwesibili ukuphatha (balance management).Abanye abantu bathi i-BMS iwumzanyana webhethri.Khona-ke lo mzanyana kufanele awulawule.Yini okufanele uyiphathe?Okokwenza ibhethri libe lihle ngangokunokwenzeka.Okuyisisekelo kakhulu ukuphathwa kwebhalansi nokuphathwa kokushisa.

Okwesithathu ukuvikela (ukuphathwa kokuphepha).Umzanyana naye unomsebenzi okufanele awenze.Uma ibhethri linesimo esithile, idinga ukuvikelwa futhi i-alamu idinga ukuphakanyiswa.

Yebo, kukhona futhi ingxenye yokuphatha ukuxhumana edlulisela idatha ngaphakathi noma ngaphandle kwesistimu ngokusebenzisa izivumelwano ezithile.

I-BMS ineminye imisebenzi eminingi, njengokulawula ukusebenza, ukuqapha ukufakwa kwe-insulation, ukuphathwa kokushisa, njll., okungaxoxwa ngakho lapha.

 

3.1 Umbono – Isilinganiso kanye Nesilinganiso

Umsebenzi oyisisekelo we-BMS ukulinganisa nokulinganisa amapharamitha ebhethri, okuhlanganisa nemingcele eyisisekelo efana ne-voltage, yamanje, izinga lokushisa, nesimo, kanye nokubalwa kwedatha yesimo sebhethri njenge-SOC ne-SOH.Inkambu yamabhethri kagesi ihlanganisa nokubalwa kwe-SOP (isimo samandla) kanye ne-SOE (isimo samandla), okungaxoxwa ngakho lapha.Sizogxila kudatha yokuqala esetshenziswa kabanzi.

Isilinganiso seseli

1) Isilinganiso solwazi oluyisisekelo: Umsebenzi oyisisekelo kakhulu wohlelo lokuphatha ibhethri ukukala amandla kagesi, amandla amanje, kanye nezinga lokushisa lamaseli ebhethri ngamanye, okuyisisekelo sazo zonke izibalo eziphezulu kanye nokucabanga kokulawula ohlelweni lokuphatha ibhethri.

2) Ukuhlolwa kokumelana ne-insulation: Ukuhlolwa kwe-insulation kuyadingeka kulo lonke uhlelo lwebhethri kanye nesistimu ye-high-voltage ngaphakathi kwesistimu yokulawula ibhethri.

3) Ukutholwa kwe-high-voltage interlock (HVIL): isetshenziselwa ukuqinisekisa ubuqotho bayo yonke isistimu ye-high-voltage futhi iqalise izinyathelo zokuphepha lapho ubuqotho be-high-voltage system loop sengozini.

SOC ukubala

I-SOC isho Isimo Sokushaja, okuwumthamo osele webhethri.Kalula nje, ukuthi mangakanani amandla asele ebhethrini.

I-SOC iyipharamitha ebaluleke kakhulu ku-BMS, njengoba konke okunye kusekelwe kuyo.Ngakho-ke, ukunemba nokuqina kwayo (okubuye kwaziwe ngokuthi amandla okulungisa amaphutha) kubaluleke kakhulu.Ngaphandle kwe-SOC enembile, alikho inani lokuvikela elingenza i-BMS isebenze kahle, njengoba ibhethri livame ukuba sesimweni esivikelekile, okwenza kungenzeki ukunweba impilo yebhethri.

Njengamanje, izindlela zokulinganisa ezijwayelekile ze-SOC zifaka indlela yamandla kagesi avulekile, indlela yamanje yokuhlanganisa, indlela yokuhlunga ye-Kalman, kanye nendlela yenethiwekhi ye-neural.Izindlela ezimbili zokuqala zivame ukusetshenziswa.Lezi zindlela ezimbili zokugcina zihilela ulwazi oluthuthukisiwe njengamamodeli okuhlanganiswa kanye nobuhlakani bokwenziwa, okungacaciswanga lapha.

Kuzinhlelo zokusebenza ezingokoqobo, ama-algorithms amaningi avame ukusetshenziswa ngokuhlanganiswa, ngama-algorithms ahlukene athathwa kuye ngokuthi ibhethri lishaja kanjani kanye nesimo sokushajwa.

indlela ye-voltage yesifunda evulekile

Umgomo wendlela ye-open-circuit voltage ukusebenzisa ubudlelwano obumisiwe obulinganiselwe phakathi kukagesi ovulekile wesekethe kanye ne-SOC ngaphansi kwesimo sokubekwa kwebhethri okumile okuhlala isikhathi eside, ngaleyo ndlela kulinganiswe i-SOC ngokusekelwe kugesi ovulekile.Ibhayisikili likagesi lebhethri le-lead elivame ukusetshenziswa ngaphambilini lisebenzisa le ndlela ukulinganisa i-SOC.Indlela ye-voltage ye-Open-circuit ilula futhi ilula, kodwa futhi kuningi okungalungile:

1. Ibhethri kufanele lishiywe limile isikhathi eside, ngaphandle kwalokho i-voltage yesifunda evulekile kuyoba nzima ukuzinza esikhathini esifushane;

2. Kukhona i-voltage plateau kumabhethri, ikakhulukazi amabhethri e-lithium iron phosphate, lapho i-terminal voltage kanye nejika le-SOC cishe kumugqa phakathi kwebanga le-SOC30% -80%;

3. Ibhethri likumazinga okushisa ahlukene noma izigaba zempilo ezihlukene, futhi nakuba i-voltage yesifunda evulekile iyafana, umehluko wangempela we-SOC ungase ube mkhulu;

Njengoba kuboniswe emfanekisweni ongezansi, lapho sisebenzisa leli bhayisikili likagesi, uma i-SOC yamanje iboniswa njengo-100%, i-voltage yehla lapho isheshisa, futhi amandla angase aboniswe njengo-80%.Lapho siyeka ukusheshisa, i-voltage iyakhuphuka, futhi amandla agxumela abuyele ku-100%.Ngakho-ke isibonisi samandla sesithuthuthu sethu asilungile.Uma sima, inamandla, kodwa uma siqala, iphelelwa amandla.Lokhu kungase kungabi inkinga ngebhethri, kodwa kungase kube ngenxa yokuthi i-algorithm ye-SoC ye-BMS ilula kakhulu.

An-Shi indlela ebalulekile

Indlela yokuhlanganisa ye-Anshicontinuous ibala ngokuqondile inani le-SOC ngesikhathi sangempela ngencazelo ye-SOC.

Uma kubhekwa inani lokuqala le-SOC, inqobo nje uma ibhethri lamanje lingalinganiswa (lapho ukuchithwa kwamandla kuvuma), ushintsho kumthamo webhethri lungabalwa ngokunembile ngokuhlanganiswa kwamanje, okuholela ku-SOC esele.

Le ndlela inemiphumela yokulinganisa enokwethenjelwa uma kuqhathaniswa esikhathini esifushane, kodwa ngenxa yamaphutha okulinganisa enzwa yamanje kanye nokuwohloka kancane kancane komthamo webhethri, ukuhlanganiswa kwamanje kwesikhathi eside kuzokwethula ukuchezuka okuthile.Ngakho-ke, ngokuvamile isetshenziswa ngokuhambisana nendlela yamandla kagesi wesekethe evulekile ukulinganisa inani lokuqala lokulinganisa kwe-SOC ngezidingo zokunemba okuphansi, futhi ingasetshenziswa ngokuhambisana nendlela yokuhlunga ye-Kalman yokubikezela kwe-SOC yesikhashana.

I-SOC (State Of Charge) ingeye-algorithm yokulawula okuyinhloko ye-BMS, emele isimo somthamo esisele samanje.Itholakala ngokuyinhloko ngendlela yokuhlanganisa ihora le-ampere kanye ne-algorithm ye-EKF (Extended Kalman Filter), ehlanganiswe namasu okulungisa (njengokulungiswa kwe-voltage evulekile, ukulungiswa kweshaja egcwele, ukulungiswa kokuphela kokushaja, ukulungiswa kwamandla ngaphansi kwamazinga okushisa ahlukene kanye ne-SOH, njll.).Indlela yokuhlanganisa yehora le-ampere ithembeke ngokuqhathaniswa ngaphansi kwesimo sokuqinisekisa ukunemba kwamanje kokutholwa, kodwa ayiqinile.Ngenxa yokunqwabelana kwamaphutha, kufanele kuhlanganiswe namasu okulungisa.Indlela ye-EKF iqinile kodwa i-algorithm iyinkimbinkimbi futhi kunzima ukuyisebenzisa.Abakhiqizi basekhaya abajwayelekile bangafinyelela ukunemba okungaphansi kuka-6% ekamelweni lokushisa, kodwa ukulinganisa emazingeni okushisa aphezulu naphansi kanye nokunciphisa ibhethri kunzima.

Ukulungiswa kwe-SOC

Ngenxa yokuguquguquka kwamanje, i-SOC elinganiselwe ingase ingalungile, futhi amasu ahlukahlukene okulungisa adinga ukufakwa enqubweni yokulinganisa.

 

SOH ukubala

I-SOH ibhekisela kuSimo Sezempilo, okubonisa isimo samanje sezempilo sebhethri (noma izinga lokuwohloka kwebhethri).Ngokuvamile imelelwa njengenani eliphakathi kuka-0 no-100%, amanani angaphansi kuka-80% ngokuvamile abhekwa njengabonisa ukuthi ibhethri alisasebenziseki.Ingamelwa izinguquko kumthamo webhethri noma ukumelana kwangaphakathi.Uma usebenzisa umthamo, umthamo wangempela webhethri yamanje ulinganiselwa ngokusekelwe kudatha yenqubo yokusebenza kwebhethri, futhi isilinganiso salokhu kumthamo olinganisiwe yi-SOH.I-SOH enembile izothuthukisa ukunemba kwesilinganiso kwamanye amamojula lapho ibhethri liwohloka.

Kunezincazelo ezimbili ezihlukene ze-SOH embonini:

Incazelo ye-SOH esekelwe kumthamo wokufiphala

Ngesikhathi sokusebenzisa amabhethri e-lithium-ion, into esebenzayo ngaphakathi kwebhethri iyancipha kancane kancane, ukumelana kwangaphakathi kuyanda, futhi amandla abola.Ngakho-ke, i-SOH ingalinganiswa ngomthamo webhethri.Isimo sezempilo sebhethri sivezwa njengesilinganiso somthamo wamanje kumthamo wokuqala, futhi i-SOH yayo ichazwa ngokuthi:

SOH=(C_standard-C_fade)/C_standard ×100%

Kuphi: I-C_fade umthamo olahlekile webhethri;I-C_standard amandla okuzisholo.

I-IEEE standard 1188-1996 ibeka ukuthi uma umthamo webhethri lamandla wehla ufike ku-80%, ibhethri kufanele lishintshwe.Ngakho-ke, sivame ukucabangela ukuthi ibhethri ye-SOH ayitholakali uma ingaphansi kuka-80%.

Incazelo ye-SOH esekelwe ekuncipheni amandla (Ukufiphala kwamandla)

Ukuguga cishe kwazo zonke izinhlobo zamabhethri kuzoholela ekwandeni kokumelana nebhethri kwangaphakathi.Ukuphakama kokumelana nebhethri, amandla atholakalayo ayancipha.Ngakho-ke, i-SOH ingalinganiswa kusetshenziswa ukuncishiswa kwamandla.

3.2 Ukuphatha – Ubuchwepheshe Balanced

Ibhethri ngalinye “linobuntu” balo

Ukuze sikhulume ngebhalansi, kufanele siqale ngamabhethri.Ngisho namabhethri akhiqizwe ngenqwaba efanayo ngumkhiqizi ofanayo anemijikelezo yawo yokuphila kanye "nobuntu" - umthamo webhethri ngalinye awukwazi ukufana ncamashi.Kunezizathu ezimbili zalokhu kungahambisani:

Okunye ukungahambisani kokukhiqizwa kwamaseli

Enye ukungahambisani kwe-electrochemical reactions.

ukungahambisani kokukhiqiza

Ukungahambisani kokukhiqiza kulula ukukuqonda.Isibonelo, phakathi nenqubo yokukhiqiza, ukungahambisani kwe-diaphragm kanye nokungahambisani kwezinto ezibonakalayo ze-cathode ne-anode kungabangela ukungezwani komthamo webhethri jikelele.Ibhethri elijwayelekile elingu-50AH lingase libe ngu-49AH noma u-51AH.

ukungahambisani kwe-electrochemical

Ukungahambisani kwe-electrochemistry ukuthi ohlelweni lokushaja nokukhipha ibhethri, ngisho noma ukukhiqizwa nokucutshungulwa kwamaseli amabili kufana, indawo eshisayo ayikwazi ukuhambisana nenqubo yokusabela kwe-electrochemical.Isibonelo, uma wenza amamojula ebhethri, izinga lokushisa leringi elizungezile kufanele libe phansi kunalelo eliphakathi.Lokhu kubangela ukungqubuzana kwesikhathi eside phakathi kokushaja nokukhipha amanani, okubuye kubangele umthamo webhethri ongahambisani;Uma ukushaja nokukhipha imisinga yefilimu ye-SEI kuseli yebhethri ingahambisani isikhathi eside, ukuguga kwefilimu ye-SEI nakho kuzobe kungahambisani.

*Ifilimu ye-SEI: “i-solid electrolyte interface” (i-solid electrolyte interface).Phakathi nenqubo yokushaja yokuqala yebhethri ye-lithium ion ewuketshezi, okokusebenza kwe-electrode kuhlangana ne-electrolyte kusixhumi esibonakalayo sesigaba soketshezi oluqinile ukuze kwakhe ungqimba lwe-passivation olumboza ingaphezulu lempahla ye-electrode.Ifilimu ye-SEI iyi-insulator ye-elekthronikhi kodwa i-conductor enhle kakhulu ye-lithium ions, engavikeli nje i-electrode kodwa futhi ayithinti ukusebenza kwebhethri.Ukuguga kwefilimu ye-SEI kunomthelela omkhulu empilweni yebhethri.

Ngakho-ke, ukungafani (noma ukuhluka) kwamaphakethe ebhethri kuwukubonakaliswa okungenakugwemeka kokusebenza kwebhethri.

Kungani kudingeka ukulinganisela

Amabhethri ahlukene, ngakho kungani ungazami ukuwenza afane?Ngoba ukungahambisani kuzothinta ukusebenza kwephakethe lebhethri.

Iphakethe lebhethri ochungechungeni lilandela umphumela we-short-barrel: ohlelweni lwebhethri ochungechungeni, umthamo wayo yonke isistimu yephakethe yebhethri inqunywa iyunithi eyodwa encane kakhulu.

Ake sithi sinephekhi yebhethri ehlanganisa amabhethri amathathu:

Ngiyazi ukuthi ukushaja ngokweqile kanye nokukhipha ngokweqile kungalimaza kakhulu amabhethri.Ngakho-ke, lapho ibhethri B ishajwe ngokugcwele ngesikhathi sokushaja noma lapho i-SoC yebhethri B iphansi kakhulu ngesikhathi sokushajwa, kuyadingeka ukuyeka ukushaja nokukhipha ukuze kuvikelwe ibhethri B. Ngenxa yalokho, amandla amabhethri A no-C awakwazi ukugcwala. esetshenzisiwe.

Lokhu kuholela kokuthi:

Umthamo wangempela osebenzisekayo wephakethe lebhethri wehlile: Ibhethri A no-C, obekungase kusetshenziswe umthamo okhona, manje awakwazi ukwenza kanjalo ukuze kuhlaliswe ibhethri B. Kufana nabantu ababili emilenzeni emithathu eboshwe ndawonye, umuntu omude ongakwazi ukuthatha izinyathelo ezinkulu.

Impilo yebhethri encishisiwe: Ubude besinyathelo esincanyana budinga izinyathelo eziningi futhi kwenza imilenze ikhathale kakhulu.Ngomthamo oncishisiwe, inani lokushaja kanye nemijikelezo yokukhipha liyakhula, okuholela ekonakaleni okukhulu kwebhethri.Isibonelo, iseli elilodwa lingafinyelela imijikelezo engu-4000 ku-100% DoD, kodwa ekusebenziseni kwangempela alikwazi ukufinyelela ku-100% futhi inani lemijikelezo ngokuqinisekile ngeke lifinyelele ku-4000.

*I-DoD, Ukujula kokukhipha, kumelela iphesenti lomthamo wokukhipha ibhethri kumthamo olinganiselwe webhethri.

Ukungahambisani kwamabhethri kuholela ekwehleni kokusebenza kwephakethe lebhethri.Uma usayizi wemojuli yebhethri mkhulu, izintambo eziningi zamabhethri zixhunywa ochungechungeni, futhi umehluko omkhulu wevolthi eyodwa uzobangela umthamo webhokisi lonke ukuncipha.Uma amabhethri engeziwe exhunywe ochungechungeni, alahlekelwa amandla amaningi.Nokho, ezinhlelweni zethu zokusebenza, ikakhulukazi ezinhlelweni zokusebenza zesistimu yokugcina amandla, kunezidingo ezimbili ezibalulekile:

Eyokuqala ibhethri lesikhathi eside, elinganciphisa kakhulu izindleko zokusebenza nezokulungisa.Isistimu yokugcina amandla inezidingo eziphezulu zempilo yephakethe lebhethri.Eziningi zasekhaya zenzelwe iminyaka engu-15.Uma sithatha imijikelezo engama-300 ngonyaka, iminyaka eyi-15 imijikelezo engama-4500, esephezulu kakhulu.Sidinga ukukhulisa impilo yebhethri ngalinye ukuze impilo iyonke yephakethe lebhethri ifinyelele impilo yokuklama ngangokunokwenzeka, futhi sinciphise umthelela wokusatshalaliswa kwebhethri empilweni yephakethe lebhethri.

Umjikelezo wesibili ojulile, ikakhulukazi esimweni sohlelo lokusebenza lokushefa okuphezulu, ukukhulula i-kWh eyodwa kagesi kuzoletha iphuzu elilodwa lemali engenayo.Okusho ukuthi, sizokwenza 80%DoD noma 90%DoD.Uma umjikelezo ojulile usetshenziswa ohlelweni lokugcina amandla, ukuhlakazwa kwebhethri ngesikhathi sokukhishwa komsila kuzobonakala.Ngakho-ke, ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukukhululwa okugcwele komthamo weseli ngalinye ngaphansi kwesimo sokushaja okujulile nokukhipha okujulile, kuyadingeka ukuthi i-BMS yokugcina amandla ibe namandla okulawula ukulinganisa aqinile futhi icindezele ukwenzeka kokungaguquguquki phakathi kwamaseli ebhethri. .

Lezi zidingo ezimbili ziphambene ncamashi nokungahambisani kwebhethri.Ukuze sizuze izinhlelo zokusebenza ezisebenza kahle kakhulu zephekhi yebhethri, kufanele sibe nobuchwepheshe bokulinganisa obusebenza kangcono ukuze sinciphise umthelela wokungashintshi kwebhethri.

ubuchwepheshe bokulinganisa

Ubuchwepheshe bokulinganisa ibhethri buyindlela yokwenza amabhethri anamakhono ahlukene afane.Kunezindlela ezimbili ezijwayelekile zokulinganisa: ukuchithwa kwamandla unidirectional unidirectional (ukulinganisa okwenziwayo) kanye nokulinganisa kokudluliswa kwamandla okubili (ukulinganisa okusebenzayo).

(1) Ibhalansi engenzi lutho

Umgomo wokulinganisa wokungenzi lutho uwukuhambisana nokumelana nokukhipha okushintshwayo ochungechungeni ngalunye lwamabhethri.I-BMS ilawula i-resistor yokukhipha ukuze ikhiphe amaseli kagesi aphezulu, ikhiphe amandla kagesi njengokushisa.Isibonelo, uma ibhethri B isicishe ishajwe ngokugcwele, iswishi iyavulwa ukuze ivumele isiphikisa kubhethri B ukuthi sikhiphe amandla kagesi amaningi njengokushisa.Bese ukushaja kuyaqhubeka kuze kube yilapho amabhethri A no-C eseshajwe ngokugcwele.

Le ndlela ingakhipha kuphela amaseli ane-voltage ephezulu, futhi ayikwazi ukushajwa kabusha amaseli anamandla amancane.Ngenxa yomkhawulo wamandla wokumelana nokukhishwa, okwamanje ukulinganisa ngokuvamile kuncane (ngaphansi kuka-1A).

Izinzuzo zokulinganisa okwenziwa yizindleko eziphansi kanye nomklamo wesifunda olula;ukungalungi ukuthi kusekelwe kumthamo webhethri osele ophansi kakhulu wokulinganisa, ongakwazi ukwandisa umthamo wamabhethri anomthamo ophansi osele, nokuthi u-100% wamandla alinganayo achithwa ngendlela yokushisa.

(2) Ibhalansi esebenzayo

Ngokusebenzisa ama-algorithms, izintambo eziningi zamabhethri zidlulisela amandla amaseli anamandla kagesi aphezulu kumaseli ane-voltage ephansi kusetshenziswa izingxenye zokugcina amandla, akhiphe amabhethri aphezulu futhi asebenzise amandla akhishiwe ukuze ashaje amaseli ane-voltage ephansi.Amandla adluliswa ngokuyinhloko kunokuba ahlakazwe.

Ngale ndlela, ngesikhathi sokushaja, ibhethri B, elifinyelela ku-100% voltage kuqala, liphuma ku-A no-C, futhi amabhethri amathathu ashajwe ngokugcwele.Ngesikhathi sokukhishwa, uma ishaji esele yebhethri B iphansi kakhulu, A no-C “bashaja” B, ukuze iseli B ingafinyeleli umkhawulo we-SOC wokumisa ukuphuma ngokushesha okukhulu.

Izici eziyinhloko zobuchwepheshe bokulinganisa obusebenzayo

(1) Linganisa amandla kagesi aphezulu naphansi ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukusebenza kahle kwephakethe lebhethri: Ngesikhathi sokushajwa nokushajwa nalapho kuphumule, amabhethri ane-voltage ephezulu angashajwa futhi namabhethri ane-voltage ephansi angashajwa;

(2) Ukudluliswa kwamandla alahlekelwa kancane: amandla adluliswa ngokuyinhloko kunokuba nje alahleke, ukuthuthukisa ukusebenza kahle kokusetshenziswa kwamandla;

(3) Umthamo omkhulu wokulinganisa: Ngokuvamile, amandla okulinganisa aphakathi kuka-1 no-10A, futhi ukulinganisa kuyashesha;

Ukulinganisa okusebenzayo kudinga ukumiswa kwamasekhethi ahambisanayo namadivayisi okugcina amandla, okuholela kumthamo omkhulu kanye nezindleko ezikhulayo.Lezi zimo ezimbili zihlangene zinquma ukuthi ukulingana okusebenzayo akulula ukuthi kukhuthazwe futhi kusetshenziswe.

Ukwengeza, inqubo yokushaja yokulinganisa esebenzayo kanye nokukhipha inyusa ngokungaguquki impilo yomjikelezo webhethri.Kumaseli adinga ukushajwa nokushajwa ukuze afinyelele ibhalansi, umsebenzi owengeziwe ungase uwenze eqe ukuguga kwamaseli avamile, okuholela esikhaleni esikhulu sokusebenza namanye amaseli.

Abanye ochwepheshe bakholelwa ukuthi lezi zinkulumo ezimbili ezingenhla kufanele zihambisane nokulingana okukhiphayo kanye nokulingana okungahlukanisi.Ukuthi iyasebenza noma ayinyakazi kufanele kuncike esehlakalweni esicupha inqubo yokulingana.Uma isistimu ifinyelela kusimo lapho kufanele inganyakazi khona, ayisebenzi.Uma isethwe abantu, ukusetha uhlelo lokulinganisa lapho kungadingeki ukuba kube nokulinganisela kubizwa ngokuthi i-active equilibrium.

Isibonelo, lapho ukukhishwa sekusekupheleni, iseli ye-voltage ephansi kunazo zonke ifinyelele ku-voltage yokunqanyulwa kokukhipha, kuyilapho amanye amaseli esenamandla.Ngalesi sikhathi, ukuze kukhishwe ugesi omningi ngangokunokwenzeka, uhlelo ludlulisela ugesi wamangqamuzana anamandla aphezulu kumaseli aphansi wamandla, okuvumela ukuthi inqubo yokukhipha iqhubeke kuze kube yilapho wonke amandla ekhishwa.Lena inqubo yokulinganisa yokwenziwa.Uma uhlelo lubikezela ukuthi kuzoba nokungalingani ekupheleni kokukhishwa lapho kusekhona u-40% wamandla asele, kuzoqala inqubo yokulinganisa esebenzayo.

Ukulinganisa okusebenzayo kuhlukaniswe ngezindlela ezimaphakathi kanye nezahlukaniselwe.Indlela yokulinganisa emaphakathi ithola amandla kulo lonke iphakethe lebhethri, bese isebenzisa idivayisi yokuguqula amandla ukuze ingeze amandla kumabhethri ngamandla amancane.Ukulinganisa okubekwe endaweni kuhilela isixhumanisi sokugcina amandla phakathi kwamabhethri aseduze, okungaba i-inductor noma i-capacitor, okuvumela amandla ukuthi ageleze phakathi kwamabhethri aseduze.

Kusu lamanje lokulawula ibhalansi, kukhona labo abathatha i-voltage yeseli njengepharamitha eqondiwe yokulawula, futhi kukhona nalabo abaphakamisa ukusebenzisa i-SOC njengepharamitha eqondiwe yokulawula ibhalansi.Ukuthatha i-voltage yeseli njengesibonelo.

Okokuqala, setha amanani we-threshold wokuqalisa nokuqeda ukulinganisa: isibonelo, kusethi yamabhethri, lapho umehluko phakathi kwe-voltage eyingozi kakhulu yeseli eyodwa kanye ne-voltage evamile yesethi ifinyelela ku-50mV, ukulinganisa kuyaqalwa, futhi lapho ifinyelela ku-5mV, ukulinganisa kuphelile.

I-BMS iqoqa i-voltage yeseli ngalinye ngokomjikelezo wokutholwa okungaguquki, ibala inani elimaphakathi, bese ibala umehluko phakathi kwevolthi yeseli ngayinye nevelu eyisilinganiso;

Uma umehluko omkhulu ufinyelela ku-50mV, i-BMS idinga ukuqala inqubo yokulinganisa;

Qhubeka isinyathelo sesi-2 phakathi nenqubo yokulinganisa kuze kube yilapho amanani omehluko engaphansi kuka-5mV, bese uqeda ukulinganisa.

Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi akuwona wonke ama-BMS adinga lesi sinyathelo, futhi amasu alandelayo angahluka kuye ngendlela yebhalansi.

Ubuchwepheshe bebhalansi buhlobene nohlobo lwebhethri.Ngokuvamile kukholakala ukuthi i-LFP ifaneleka kakhulu ibhalansi esebenzayo, kuyilapho amabhethri e-ternary afanele ibhalansi yokungenzi lutho.

Isigaba sokuncintisana okukhulu ku-BMS sisekelwa kakhulu izindleko nokuthembeka.Okwamanje, ukuqinisekiswa kokuhlolwa kokulinganisa okusebenzayo akukakafinyelelwa.Izinga lokuphepha elisebenzayo kulindeleke ukuthi liye ku-ASIL-C ne-ASIL-D, kodwa izindleko ziphezulu kakhulu.Ngakho-ke, izinkampani ezinkulu zamanje ziqaphile ngocwaningo lokulinganisa olusebenzayo.Amanye amafekthri amakhulu aze afune ukukhansela imojula yokulinganisa futhi enze konke ukulinganisa kwenziwe ngaphandle, okufana nokunakekelwa kwezimoto zikaphethiloli.Njalo uma imoto ihamba ibanga elithile, izoya esitolo se-4S ukuze ithole ukulinganisa kwangaphandle.Lokhu kuzonciphisa izindleko zayo yonke imoto ye-BMS futhi kuzuze nesitolo esihambisanayo se-4S.Kuyisimo sokunqoba kuzo zonke izinhlangothi.Ngakho-ke, ngokwami, ngiyaqonda ukuthi lokhu kungase kube umkhuba!

3.3 Ukuvikela - ukuhlonza iphutha kanye ne-alamu

Ukuqapha kwe-BMS kuhambisana ne-hardware yesistimu kagesi, futhi ihlukaniswe ngamazinga ahlukene okuhluleka (ukwehluleka okuncane, ukwehluleka okukhulu, ukwehluleka okubulalayo) ngokuya ngezimo zokusebenza ezahlukene zebhethri.Izinyathelo zokuphatha ezihlukene zithathwa emazingeni okuhluleka ahlukene: isexwayiso, umkhawulo wamandla noma ukunqanyulwa kwe-voltage ephezulu ngqo.Ukwehluleka kufaka phakathi ukutholwa kwedatha nokuhluleka kokucabangela, ukwehluleka kukagesi (izinzwa nama-actuator), ukwehluleka kokuxhumana, nokuhluleka kwesimo sebhethri.

Isibonelo esivamile lapho ibhethri lishisa ngokweqile, i-BMS inquma ukuthi ibhethri ishisa ngokweqile ngokusekelwe kuzinga lokushisa eliqoqiwe lebhethri, bese ilawula ukujikeleza kwaleli bhethri ukuze inqamule, yenza ukuvikela ukushisa ngokweqile, futhi ithumele isexwayiso kumasistimu okuphatha afana ne-EMS.

3.4 Ukuxhumana

Ukusebenza okuvamile kwe-BMS akukwazi ukuhlukaniswa nomsebenzi wayo wokuxhumana.Noma ngabe ilawula ibhethri ngesikhathi sokuphatha ibhethri, idlulisela isimo sebhethri ezweni langaphandle, noma ithola imiyalelo yokulawula, ukuxhumana okuzinzile kuyadingeka.

Ohlelweni lwebhethri lamandla, umkhawulo owodwa we-BMS uxhumeke ebhethrini, kanti omunye uxhumeke kusistimu yokulawula kanye ne-elekthronikhi yemoto yonke.Imvelo iyonke isebenzisa iphrothokholi ye-CAN, kodwa kunomehluko phakathi kokusebenzisa i-CAN yangaphakathi phakathi kwezingxenye zangaphakathi zephakethe lebhethri nokusebenzisa i-CAN yemoto phakathi kwephakethe lebhethri nayo yonke imoto.

Ngokuphambene, i-BMS yokugcina amandla kanye nokuxhumana kwangaphakathi ngokuyisisekelo kusebenzisa iphrothokholi ye-CAN, kodwa ukuxhumana kwayo kwangaphandle (okungaphandle ikakhulukazi kubhekisela ohlelweni lokuthumela amandla esiteshi samandla se-PCS) kuvame ukusebenzisa amafomethi ephrothokholi ye-inthanethi ye-TCP/IP protocol kanye nephrothokholi ye-modbus.

4) I-BMS yokugcina amandla

Abakhiqizi be-BMS yesitoreji samandla ngokuvamile bavele besuka ku-BMS yebhethri lamandla, ngakho imiklamo eminingi namagama anemvelaphi yomlando

Isibonelo, ibhethri lamandla livamise ukuhlukaniswa libe yi-BMU (Iyunithi Yokuqapha Ibhethri) kanye ne-BCU (Iyunithi Yokulawula Ibhethri), bese kuthi eyangaphambili iqoqwe idatha bese eyakamuva eyilawula.

Ngenxa yokuthi iseli yebhethri iyinqubo ye-electrochemical, amaseli ebhethri amaningi akha ibhethri.Ngenxa yezimpawu zeseli yebhethri ngayinye, noma ngabe inqubo yokukhiqiza inembe kangakanani, kuzoba namaphutha nokungahambisani kuseli ngalinye lebhethri ngokuhamba kwesikhathi futhi kuye ngendawo.Ngakho-ke, isistimu yokuphatha ibhethri iwukuhlola isimo samanje sebhethri ngokusebenzisa imingcele elinganiselwe, okufana kancane nodokotela wezokwelapha waseShayina oxilonga isiguli ngokubheka izimpawu kunomuthi waseNtshonalanga odinga ukuhlaziywa ngokomzimba namakhemikhali.Ukuhlaziywa komzimba namakhemikhali womzimba womuntu kuyafana nezici zebhethri ze-electrochemical, ezingakalwa ngezisetshenziswa zokuhlola ezinkulu.Kodwa-ke, kunzima kumasistimu ashumekiwe ukuhlola ezinye izinkomba ze-electrochemistry.Ngakho-ke, i-BMS ifana nodokotela wezokwelapha waseShayina omdala.

4.1 Izakhiwo ezinezingqimba ezintathu zokugcinwa kwamandla e-BMS

Ngenxa yenani elikhulu lamaseli ebhethri ezinhlelweni zokugcina amandla, ukuze kongiwe izindleko, i-BMS ivamise ukusetshenziswa ngezendlalelo, ezinezendlalelo ezimbili noma ezintathu.Njengamanje, okujwayelekile kuyizendlalelo ezintathu: ukulawula okuyinhloko/ukulawula okuyinhloko/ukulawula isigqila.

4.2 Incazelo enemininingwane ye-BMS yokugcina amandla

5) Isimo samanje kanye mkhuba esizayo

Kunezinhlobo ezimbalwa zabakhiqizi abakhiqiza i-BMS:

Isigaba sokuqala ngesomsebenzisi wokugcina onamandla amakhulu ebhethri lamandla i-BMS - izimboni zezimoto.Eqinisweni, amandla okukhiqiza e-BMS aqine kakhulu phesheya nawo ayizimboni zezimoto, njengeGeneral Motors, Tesla, njll. Ekhaya, kukhona i-BYD, Huating Power, njll.

Isigaba sesibili izimboni zamabhethri, okuhlanganisa abakhiqizi bamaseli nabakhiqizi bamaphakethe, njenge-Samsung, i-Ningde Times, i-Xinwangda, i-Desay Battery, i-Topband Co., Ltd., i-Beijing Purrad, njll.;

Uhlobo lwesithathu lwabakhiqizi be-BMS yilabo abanolwazi lweminyaka eminingi kubuchwepheshe bamandla kagesi, futhi banamaqembu e-R&D anesizinda senyuvesi noma samabhizinisi ahlobene, njenge-Eternal Electronics, i-Hangzhou Gaote Electronics, i-Xie Neng Technology, ne-Kegong Electronics.

Ngokungafani ne-BMS yamabhethri kagesi, elawulwa kakhulu abakhiqizi bezimoto ezibulalayo, kubonakala sengathi abasebenzisi bokugcina bamabhethri okugcina amandla abanaso isidingo noma izenzo ezithile zokubamba iqhaza ocwaningweni nasekuthuthukisweni nasekukhiqizeni i-BMS.Akunakwenzeka futhi ukuthi bazosebenzisa imali eningi namandla ukuthuthukisa izinhlelo ezinkulu zokuphatha amabhethri.Ngakho-ke, kungacatshangwa ukuthi imboni yebhethri ye-BMS yokugcina amandla ayinayo umdlali obalulekile onezinzuzo eziphelele, okushiya isikhala esikhulu sokuthuthukiswa nokucabangela kubakhiqizi bebhethri nabathengisi abagxile ku-BMS yokugcina amandla.Uma imakethe yokugcina amandla isungulwa, izonikeza abakhiqizi bebhethri nabakhiqizi be-BMS abangochwepheshe indawo enkulu yokuthuthukiswa kanye nokumelana nokuncintisana okuncane.

Njengamanje, bambalwa abakhiqizi be-BMS abangochwepheshe abagxile ekuthuthukisweni kwe-BMS yokugcina amandla, ikakhulukazi ngenxa yokuthi imakethe yokugcina amandla isencane futhi kusenokungabaza okuningi mayelana nentuthuko yesikhathi esizayo yokugcina amandla emakethe.Ngakho-ke, abakhiqizi abaningi abazange bathuthukise i-BMS ehlobene nokugcinwa kwamandla.Esimeni sangempela sebhizinisi, kukhona nabakhiqizi abathenga i-BMS yebhethri yemoto kagesi ukuze bayisebenzise njenge-BMS yamabhethri okugcina amandla.Kukholakala ukuthi esikhathini esizayo, abakhiqizi bezimoto ezisebenza ngogesi ze-BMS nabo kungenzeka babe yingxenye ebalulekile yabahlinzeki be-BMS abasetshenziswa kumaphrojekthi amakhulu wokugcina amandla.

Kulesi sigaba, kukhona ukuntuleka kwezindinganiso ezifanayo ze-BMS ezinikezwa abahlinzeki besistimu yokugcinwa kwamandla abahlukahlukene.Abakhiqizi abahlukene banemiklamo nezincazelo ezihlukene ze-BMS, futhi kuye ngamabhethri ahlukene ahambisana nawo, i-algorithm ye-SOX, ubuchwepheshe bokulinganisa, nokuqukethwe kwedatha yokuxhumana okulayishiwe kungase kuhluke.Ekusetshenzisweni okungokoqobo kwe-BMS, umehluko onjalo uzokhuphula izindleko zokufaka izicelo futhi ube yingozi ekuthuthukisweni kwezimboni.Ngakho-ke, ukumiswa kanye ne-modularization ye-BMS nakho kuzoba isiqondiso esibalulekile sokuthuthukiswa esikhathini esizayo.